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PLC系统设计时,首先应确定控制方案,下一步工作就是PLC工程设计选型。工艺流程的特点和应用要求是设计选型的主要依据。PLC及有关设备应是集成的、标准的,按照易于与工业控制系统形成一个整体,易于扩充其功能的原则选型所选用PLC应是在相关工业领域有投运业绩、成熟可靠的系统,PLC的系统硬件、软件配置及功能应与装置规模和控制要求相适应。熟悉可编程序控制器、功能表图及有关的编程语言有利于缩短编程时间,因此,工程设计选型和估算时,应详细分析工艺过程的特点、控制要求,明确控制任务和范围确定所需的操作和动作,然后根据控制要求,估算输入输出点数、所需存储器容量、确定PLC的功能、外部设备特等,后选择有较高能价格比的PLC和设计相应的控制系统。
一、输入输出(I/O)点数的估算
I/O点数估算时应考虑适当的余量,通常根据统计的输入输出点数,再增加10%~20%的可扩展
余量后,作为输入输出点数估算数据。实际订货时,还需根据制造厂商PLC的产品特点,对输入输出点数进行圆整。
二、存储器容量的估算
存储器容量是可编程序控制器本身能提供的硬件存储单元大小,程序容量是存储器中用户应用项目使用的存储单元的大小,因此程序容量小于存储器容量。设计阶段,由于用户应用程序还未编制,因此,程序容量在设计阶段是未知的,需在程序调试之后才知道。为了设计选型时能对程序容量有一定估算,通常采用存储器容量的估算来替代。
存储器内存容量的估算没有固定的公式,许多文献资料中给出了不同公式,大体上都是按数字量I/O点数的10~15倍,加上模拟I/O点数的100倍,以此数为内存的总字数(16位为一个字),另外再按此数的25%考虑余量。
三、控制功能的选择
该选择包括运算功能、控制功能、通信功能、编程功能、诊断功能和处理速度等特的选择。
(一)运算功能
简单PLC的运算功能包括逻辑运算、计时和计数功能;普通PLC的运算功能还包括数据移位、比较等运算功能;较复杂运算功能有代数运算、数据传送等;大型PLC中还有模拟量的PID运算和其他运算功能。随着开放系统的出现,目前在PLC中都已具有通信功能,有些产品具有与下位机的通信,有些产品具有与同位机或上位机的通信,有些产品还具有与工厂或企业网进行数据通信的功能。设计选型时应从实际应用的要求出发,合理选用所需的运算功能。大多数应用场合,只需要逻辑运算和计时计数功能,有些应用需要数据传送和比较,当用于模拟量检测和控制时,才使用代数运算,数值转换和PID运算等。要显示数据时需要译码和编码等运算。
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